Backpacking Guide 06
Water Treatment and Hydration
Guide
Water can look clear and still contain germs. Backpackers must know where water may be available, carry enough between sources, and use a treatment method that fits the risks of the destination.
This guide is reference material, not a substitute for trip-specific instructions, current weather information, land-management rules, permits, product directions, or guidance from the leaders responsible for an outing.
Plan water before the trip
- Identify reliable and seasonal sources, then confirm current conditions with the land manager or recent reports.
- Calculate the longest dry stretch and make sure each Scout has enough carrying capacity.
- Plan extra water for heat, altitude, difficult terrain, cooking, and an emergency delay.
- Carry a backup treatment method that is independent of the primary method.
- Do not rely on a fixed amount for every trip. Body size, pace, temperature, humidity, and exertion change needs.
Treatment choices
| Method | What it does | Important limits |
|---|---|---|
| Boiling | Kills viruses, bacteria, and parasites | Uses fuel and time; does not remove harmful chemicals |
| Backcountry filter | Many remove parasites and bacteria, depending on pore size and certification | Most do not remove viruses; can clog or freeze; follow cleaning instructions |
| Chemical disinfectant | Can kill bacteria and viruses; some products also treat certain parasites | Needs the full contact time; cold or cloudy water may require more time; taste varies |
| Ultraviolet light | Can inactivate parasites, bacteria, and viruses in small amounts of clear water | Requires clear water, working batteries, correct dose, and a suitable container |
The CDC recommends boiling when possible; the next-best approach is filtering and then disinfecting. Follow product instructions, because filters and chemicals do not all protect against the same germs.
Boiling guidance
Bring clear water to a rolling boil for 1 minute. Above 6,500 feet (about 2,000 meters), boil for 3 minutes. Let it cool before drinking. Boiling does not make water safe if it contains fuel, toxic chemicals, harmful algae toxins, or radioactive material; choose a different source.
Keep clean water clean
- Use separate 'dirty' and 'clean' containers or mark them clearly.
- Keep untreated bottle threads, hoses, and hands from touching treated water outlets.
- Wash or sanitize hands before cooking and eating and after using the toilet.
- Treat water used for drinking, cooking, brushing teeth, and washing food.
- Protect filters from freezing. Water trapped inside can expand and damage the filter even when no crack is visible.
Hydrate steadily
Drink regularly instead of waiting until you are very thirsty. Watch teammates for headache, unusual tiredness, dizziness, nausea, confusion, cramps, or reduced coordination. These symptoms can have several causes, including dehydration, heat illness, altitude illness, or drinking far too much plain water. Stop, assess the Scout, and follow the trip's first-aid and emergency plan.
At each water source, confirm that everyone drinks, refills, treats water correctly, and leaves with enough capacity for the next dry stretch.
